14Si28.085
Silicon
Metalloid
Solid at STP
Period 3Group 14Block PDiscovered 1854
[Ne]3s2 3p2
Silicon is a chemical element with symbol Si and atomic number 14. It is a tetravalent metalloid, more reactive than germanium, the metalloid directly below it in the table. Controversy about silicon's character dates to its discovery.
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Atomic Properties
| Atomic Number | 14 |
| Atomic Mass | 28.085 u |
| Electron Configuration | [Ne]3s2 3p2 |
| Oxidation States | +4, +2, -4 |
| Electronegativity | 1.9 (Pauling) |
| Atomic Radius | 210 pm |
| Ionization Energy | 8.152 eV |
| Electron Affinity | 1.385 eV |
| Block | P |
Physical Properties
| Appearance | crystalline, reflective with bluish-tinged faces |
| Standard State | Solid |
| Melting Point | 1687 K (1413.8 °C) |
| Boiling Point | 3538 K (3264.8 °C) |
| Density | 2.3296 g/cm³ |
| Molar Heat | 19.789 J/(mol·K) |
| CPK Color | #F0C8A0 |
Classification
| Category | Metalloid |
| Group Block | Metalloid |
| Period | 3 |
| Group | 14 |
| Block | P |
Discovery
| Year Discovered | 1854 |
| Discovered By | Jöns Jacob Berzelius |
| Named By | Thomas Thomson (chemist) |
| Electron Shells | 2, 8, 4 |